Pepper the robot in Turin

Frank is suffering from cognitive decline and has early signs of dementia. For peace of mind, his son purchased a domestic robot that helps with chores around the home and monitors Frank’s health, so that his son knows he is safe and well.

Frank’s dementia is advancing and he often doesn’t recognise his ex-wife, but he bonds with the robot and they form a relationship that helps him to both cope and come to terms with his cognitive decline.

Robot and Frank is a prescient film from 2012 that told the story of an ex-jewel thief and his ‘care-bot’ robot. Right now, it may be considered science fiction but we are moving towards a future where the development of AI and automation could have the answers to the huge care crisis that we are facing as a society.

The ageing crisis

In the UK, we are quickly moving towards an ageing society with a projection that by 2024, the over 65 age group will make up 20% of the population. Most worrying, is that in 2024, there will be more people in the over 65 age group than the under 15-year-olds. This means that we are facing a situation of having to find care solutions for a population, that will not have enough people in subsequent generations to care for it.

Dementia is the fastest growing disability in later life, overtaking cancer, stroke and cardiovascular disease. By 2025, it’s anticipated that there will be over one million people living with dementia in the UK who will need dedicated and specialist care.

As a culture, the UK does not have the same familial responsibilities and networks that other societies do and this has meant that the NHS is becoming overburdened with trying to service care needs. The upcoming crisis that the NHS faces in dealing with the ageing population, is one that needs a solution.

This is a worldwide issue. In the US, by 2030, the over 65 population is predicted to be 20.2%. Germany and Italy already support a society that has over 20% of over 65-year-olds and that is set to grow to well over 30% by 2050 according to research by Pew.

Japan is already facing a care crisis, with over a quarter of their population now in the over 65 age group. Their Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare isis predicting that by 2025, they will have a shortage of 230,000 caregivers to support the elderly population. The world has been watching how Japan is dealing with their crisis, to seek guidance in how to tackle the upcoming issues.

“We will be reaching in the OECD, a stage in the next 20 years where there are more people over the age of 50 than there are under.”

Dr. George Leeson, co-director of the Oxford Institute of Population Ageing

AI and automation as a solution for the care crisis

To facilitate the needs of caring for the elderly, one solution that has been dominating the discussion above all others, is the introduction of ‘care-bots’. Rather than a dystopian vision of elderly people being fed and cared for by a robot, with little to no human interaction, the idea is that automation and AI can help to support caregivers so that they can do a better job.

The IPPR think tank has been well reported on this year, in their findings that investment into automation in the NHS could save up to £12.5 billion annually. This is based on the implementation of automation that can take over administrative and repetitive jobs, which then allows staff the time to focus on patient care.

The development of AI and automation in industry has been much debated because of the fears that the use of technology will displace people, with the result being a reduction in jobs. However, the application of technologies has the potential to revolutionise society by taking away mundane roles and redistributing the workforce into more creative and innovative roles. AI should be seen as an advancement that can create a better society and we should not have any fear for a ‘Terminator’ style future.

How AI is being applied to healthcare

One of the benefits of using AI in healthcare is the faster diagnosis and treatment of illness. Algorithms have been developed that assess radiology images and which can detect lung and skin cancer better than a radiologist. When dealing with illnesses such as cancer, the speed of diagnosis and the right treatment does make a big difference.

Through the analysis of vast amounts of data that is not possible by human hand, optimised treatment plans can be better managed and offered to patients.

As the think tank report referenced, by freeing up staff time from mundane tasks, then more time can be spent on direct patient care. Chatbots designed as virtual health assistants can take care of organising appointments and can field basic healthcare questions - freeing up a great deal of admin time.

“Almost one third of the tasks now done by nurses, and nearly one quarter of that done by hospital doctors could be done by robots and artificial intelligence systems.”

IPPR progressive policy think tank

How AI and automation could help with the care of the elderly

The main focus of the development of ‘care-bots’ is that they can assist the elderly to live independently at home and also, they can assist the care workers who take care of them.

Imagine a world where the home assistant bots could do housework and help with dressing, cooking, feeding and moving around. This would contribute significantly to the quality of life for older people and would enable them to live at home for longer.

In hospitals, bots could assist with drug administration, meal distribution, moving and lifting and could allow nurses more time to take care of critical tasks.

Most importantly, a bot could help with intimate situations such as using bedpans or toilets and being lifted in and out of a bath, helping to retain their dignity and to increase their mental well-being.

By employing bots to undertake all these tasks, staff would then have more time to focus on patient care and they would also have more time for focussed care, having conversations and providing companionship that would reduce the loneliness that is a reality for many older people.

Care-bots that are already in development and use

Robear, was developed in 2015 by Riken Brain Science Institute in Japan to lift patients and transfer them from beds to wheelchairs. Bots designed to lift and move patients can alleviate the physical strain on caregivers and can also enable people with disabilities to be more independent.

Obi, in development since 2006, is a robotic arm that can allow someone with a physical disability to feed themselves. The loss of dignity that results from a person having to be fed by someone else can make meal times a stressful time and can result in some patients no longer having an appetite or enjoying their food. By regaining independence of their own feeding, a person can begin to enjoy mealtimes again, without any time pressure of feeling uncomfortable.

Palro, is a humanoid robot developed by Fujisoft to stimulate fitness and cognitive function by playing games and quizzes with people. The bot has been used in 600 care homes across Japan.

Paro, is a robotic seal inspired by animal therapy and is designed to help people with dementia feel more socially engaged. The seal-bot was shown, in a 2015 study in Australia, to have a positive influence on the quality of life for older people with dementia and following trials, Paro now looks set to be introduced to UK hospitals.

Pepper, is a humanoid robot developed by Softbanks sold as a companion robot in Japan and introduced to the UK by Southend-on-Sea council in 2017. Pepper can play games, chat to you, can speak 12 languages and can also perceive emotions and adapt accordingly. The council intend to employ Pepper’s skills for ‘community engagement, awareness raising, and to facilitate reminiscence activities’.

A 2016 YouGov survey in the UK found that 50% of respondents were comfortable with robots performing domestic tasks for the elderly or the disabled.

Objections to care-bots

Although there are many positive reports and studies about the use of care-bots with elderly people and those living with dementia, not everyone is ‘pro robot’. Professor Maggie Boden stated that ‘Computer companions worry me very much’ as she has concerns that AI machines cannot interpret abstractions such as loyalty and the moral consequences of this.

The ethics of teaching machines to think and interact is a vast subject of great depth and is not something easily answered. However, the discussion here is not about the use of bots as a human substitute but is about facilitating and increasing the quality of life for people who need care support. By undertaking supportive tasks, care-bots could significantly aid older people and those taking care of them to have a better quality of life. More importantly, bots may be the only way that we can realistically facilitate the level of care that is going to be required to support the ageing population.

Other objections to automation include the loss of jobs, much like the Luddites in the 19th century. We can now look back and see that their fears were unfounded and in the future, we will most likely look back on resistance to new AI technology in the same manner.

The workforce will shift and adapt to accommodate new technology and it will be retrained into new areas, with an emphasis on more person-to-person interaction rather than on administrative work, and this should make for a better society.

On balance, the application of new technology has far more benefits to society by undertaking mundane tasks and also by being able to better complete complex tasks, such as finding insights in vast tracts of data that humans are simply not able to do.

The future of the care industry

The reality is that there is an ageing population and as yet, there are not enough facilities to take care of it. The introduction of automating tasks will make a huge difference by reducing costs in the NHS and by redistributing tasks.

The care that is given from person to person can never be replaced 100 percent and is not the aim of using bots and AI. The focus is to supplement what humans can do, to make them more efficient and to help them deliver better care, with more time for doing the things that only they can do.

Although there is much confusion and fear about what it may mean to introduce bots that can think for themselves, that fear should be dispelled as technology is developed and its capacity is controlled. Once it has been proven that bots can assist humanity in its daily life, then society should be more open to embracing its potential.

Image credit: Antonello Marangi

References:

1. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1990314/
2. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/info/20027/news_and_media/541/facts_for_the_media
3. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/05/21/family-support-in-graying-societies/
4. http://undiscovered-japan.ft.com/articles/automation-and-ageing/
5. https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/embrace-full-automation-to-release-time-to-care-in-the-nhs-and-social-care-says-top-surgeon-lord-darzi
6. https://www.itnonline.com/article/artificial-intelligence-improves-lung-cancer-detection
7. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/may/29/skin-cancer-computer-learns-to-detect-skin-cancer-more-accurately-than-a-doctor
8. https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/embrace-full-automation-to-release-time-to-care-in-the-nhs-and-social-care-says-top-surgeon-lord-darzi
9. https://www.radfieldhomecare.co.uk/home-care-blog/loneliness-in-old-age-what-can-we-do-to-avoid-the-damaging-effects
10. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/japan-meet-robear-robot-bear-nurse-that-can-lift-patients-into-wheelchairs-1489337
11. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/obi-dining-robot/
12. http://undiscovered-japan.ft.com/articles/automation-and-ageing/
13. https://www.digitalhealth.net/2018/03/paro-robotic-seal-dementia-wards/
14. https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2017/oct/16/pepper-robot-southend-social-care-recruit
15. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/30/care-bots-for-the-elderly-are-dangerous-warns-artificial-intelli/
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite

Jemma
Worcester Field Coordinator

Jemma has worked in the care sector for many years. Starting her career in a care home, Jemma worked for many years with residents living with dementia, supporting them with their daily tasks.

Jemma then joined the Radfield Worcester team as a carer, and has supported Dawn Phillips, franchise owner and director to now become field coordinator for the branch.

Jemma has gained her NVQ in Health and Social Care and is currently working towards her NVQ 3 after taking a break on maternity leave.

Jemma is out and about meeting our clients and their families regularly and reviewing the care that we are providing and making any changes that are needed to ensure that the service we provide to you is second to none.

Jackie Gillen - Director

Jackie, owner and director of Wakefield & Dewsbury holds a wealth of experience in the social and supported housing sector and has cared for a wide range of client needs throughout her career. Jackie has also managed a Sheltered Housing Scheme for a number of years providing independent living, care and support to older residents and this experience has driven her ambition and inspiration to provide an outstanding care and support service to older people in their own homes.

Jackie, also a wonderful mum to her two sons Tom and Sam, has always had a passion for making a difference to people’s lives. Jackie explains, “Owning and operating your our own business enables us to have control over the quality of services we provide. My husband and I have both previously worked for employers where we have had limited decision making power regarding the quality of services that were provided and by running our own business, we will have full control over the strategic direction of the business and ensuring that the quality of services remains outstanding.”

Mark Gillen - Director

Mark, owner and director of Wakefield & Dewsbury also holds a wealth of experience in the social and supported housing sector and has cared for a wide range of client needs throughout his career.

Mark explains, “We both enjoy working with people and have a commitment to treating people as we would want to be treated ourselves. We understand the importance of maintaining independence and choice and being empowered to live your life as you would wish in your own home and community.

We also want to be an employer of choice in the community and for our workplace to be a positive, supportive environment and a pleasant place to be, offering great career opportunities as we grow our business.

We live in the local area and our office in Ossett is central to the communities we will be supporting and caring for. Our children, both at school in Ossett, are our inspiration for undertaking this new venture, and we look forward to establishing our business within our local community, and being a positive role model for them.”

Where did I leave the car keys? Did I turn the cooker off? I’ve come upstairs and now I’ve forgotten what I was going to do. What’s the name of my daughter’s friend, it’s on the tip of my tongue?

It’s reasonable to say that we all have ‘moments’ where we forget something and our mind goes blank. Tiredness, stress or being busy can all contribute to our cognitive recall not being as snappy as usual.

The decline in cognitive function has long been considered an inevitable part of ageing, along with grey hair, and aches and pains. Our brains, just like our muscles, can decline with age, especially after giving up work when our usual levels of mental requirement suddenly cease. But, just as effort invested in training muscles will ensure strength and benefits long into old age, training your brain like a muscle will ensure mental agility and has been shown to reverse ageing and cognitive decline.

‘Use it or lose it’ is a common phrase for a reason.

Many people fear dementia and loss of memory function as they age but there are many things that we can do to keep mentally fit, active and in some cases even hold back illnesses such as Alzheimer’s and dementia.

“Keeping your mind active is likely to reduce your risk of dementia,” said the Alzheimer’s Society.

How does the brain learn and gain knowledge?

At a basic level¹, the brain consists of around 100 billion cells called neurons. The neuron has two extensions: dendrites (imagine the branches of a tree) and an axon (which looks like a long tail). Dendrites receive information into the neuron and axons transmit to the dendrites of another neuron. This is achieved via neurotransmitter chemicals across a space of contact between the neurons called the synapse.

During learning², the dendrites grow and then connect with more neurons forging neural pathways that become thicker and stronger the more they are used. Hence, this is why tasks become easier the more we repeat them and is why knowledge can be permanently stored.

How life and modern technology enable the brain to become lazy

Brain plasticity is, “the brain’s ability to change its anatomical, neurochemical, and functional performance status across the lifespan.” Dr. Michael Merzenich³

Plasticity is the brain's ability to change and affects how easily and quickly it can forge the new pathways and also, build new fibres between neurons. When we are young, the brain is at its most malleable as it generates a significant amount of pathways during rapid growth.

For the average person, once we reach early adulthood we’ve mastered a range of skills that we’re content to use consistently and are not motivated to continue with any learning. Reading, writing, driving, social skills, how our job works and how to cook the food we enjoy, services the needs of our everyday life.

At this point, the brain slows down and then the loss of brain cells⁴ begins to outpace the formation of new ones, and so decline begins.

Modern culture also contributes to our mental decline in its ability to replicate the tasks that our brain is designed to fulfil: remembering phone numbers, maths calculations to add up a shopping bill or memorising directions. The brain is designed to be constantly used and stimulated, and through lack of challenge it becomes lazy and neural pathways degrade.

Unless we are a person who is devoted to lifelong learning or we encounter new experiences on a constant basis, then the brain has no requirement to create new neural pathways and this is where the slide of cognitive decline can take us into old age.

But, it doesn’t have to be this way as brain plasticity and the ability to build new pathways is available to us at any age – if we choose to use it.

How do we improve cognitive function as we age?

To maintain cell production and plasticity, the brain needs to be stimulated through learning and new experiences.

Many apps, games and computer programmes are promoted on their benefits of ‘training the brain’ but many fall short of challenging the brain, or meeting their claims for a reversal of cognitive decline.

Not so long ago, Sudoku was considered a positive way to halt mental decline but a person can quickly learn the patterns of the puzzle and it then becomes a rote process, and it loses the ability to challenge. Forming new neural pathways requires challenge, focused attention and constant practise.

How can older people keep mentally agile and reduce the risk of dementia?

“What we do know is that keeping the body and brain active across life can go someway towards reducing the risk.” Clare Walton, research manager at the Alzheimer’s Society

There are conflicting opinions on the efficacy of brain training games to reduce dementia but it is widely recognised that keeping an active mind and a healthy body, is one of the most positive and beneficial approaches we can take to tackle cognitive decline.

Physical exercise

There is evidence⁵ that physical activity facilitates neuroplasticity and has a positive effect on cognitive function. Even a short burst of exercise for just thirty minutes⁶ can result in enhanced plasticity.

A 20-year study by the University of Melbourne found that regular exercise prevented cognitive decline later in life. “Regular exercise of any type, from walking the dog to mountain climbing, emerged as the number one protective factor against memory loss.” Professor Cassandra Szoeke, Study author Associate⁷.

The recommendations for exercising daily are so well researched and all-encompassing, that everyone should be undertaking a minimum of thirty minutes of exercise, such as walking, every day.

Eating a healthy diet

As we highlighted in Alzheimer’s: lifestyle changes are more effective than medication eating a healthy Mediterranean diet is key to optimum cognitive function. A diet as low as possible in sugar, the avoidance of known toxins and the consumption of coconut oil are all recommended; supplemented with the extract of curcumin found in turmeric.

Read the full article here for the lifestyle changes you can make to reduce the risk of dementia.

Meditation

Mindfulness is now recommended by the NHS for stress and depression, but there is also a great deal of research that indicates it can both improve cognition and combat dementia.

Research shows⁸ that meditation may potentially strengthen neuronal circuits and enhance cognitive reserve capacity. It also reduces stress induced cortisol secretion and this is a known factor in helping to alleviate dementia.

Learn something new

In a study⁹, it was found that learning new skills, such as photography and using image manipulation software, resulted in enhanced memory function in older people.

The key is trying something that is both unfamiliar and mentally challenging

Learning a language has long been regarded as an excellent way to keep the brain active and functioning well into old age. According to research¹⁰, it changes your brain network structurally and functionally.

Taking a language class will help with meeting new people to remain sociable and also has the prospect of travel in groups or alone, which would involve new experiences - all of which are excellent for keeping neural pathways firing.

Socialise

Loneliness is proven to have more of an impact on mortality than obesity and in health terms is equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes a day. Research shows¹¹ that loneliness can induce cognitive decline and that remaining sociable when we are older is essential for our well-being and health.

“The more we laugh, the more our brain is engaged, helping to grow more brain cells and also may help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.” Re:Cognition Health¹²

For practical advice, you can read a previous article, How can your elderly parents remain sociable and less vulnerable to loneliness?

Dancing

An obviously sociable pastime that is accessible to most older people is dancing. Brain scanning techniques show¹³ that dance activity registers in the same area of the brain as cognition.

Dancing stimulates the release of the brain-derived protein neurotrophic factor that promotes the growth, maintenance, and plasticity of neurons necessary for learning and memory. Dancing is an excellent way to keep active and fit and challenge the brain by learning steps and moving to a rhythm.

“Studies have shown that the occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease can be reduced by exercises like dancing … Learning and remembering new steps activates many neural pathways in the brain, keeping it strong, active and healthy.” Dr Jo Rodda, consultant cognitive psychiatrist at Re:cognition Health¹⁴.

From all the evidence, the combination of food, exercise and meditation could be the finest thing we can do for our overall health (above everything else), and alongside learning and mental stimulation could aid the reduction of cognitive decline.

References:

1. http://college.usatoday.com/2015/06/19/5-way-your-brain-learns/
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622463/
3. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/6k1k3a/i_am_neuroscientist_dr_michael_merzenich_a/
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7237164
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623982
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570388
7. https://neuroscience.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/regular-exercise-protects-against-cognitive-decline-in-later-years
8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19743551
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154531/
10. https://news.psu.edu/story/334349/2014/11/12/research/learning-languages-workout-brains-both-young-and-old
11. https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/02/16/aaas-2014-loneliness-major-health-risk-older-adults
12. https://recognitionhealth.com/
13. https://recognitionhealth.com/dance-away-dementia-risk/
14. https://sharpbrains.com/blog/2016/01/22/what-educators-and-parents-should-know-about-neuroplasticity-learning-and-dance/

Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury provides the highest standards of care to you in your own home.

We specialise in care for the elderly with medication and dementia care services that are second to none. The Wakefield & Dewsbury branch was established in 2018 by Jackie Gillen and her husband Mark Gillen, who together, wanted to establish a high-quality caring service to elderly people living at home.

Radfield Home Care pride ourselves on being a very responsive service that promotes independence and respects dignity and choice in care. We use the latest technology solutions to feed information straight back to the office and to relatives so any issues can be dealt with immediately. We invest heavily in supporting, supervising and training our staff so that our clients and their relatives can rest assured that our carers can provide the care they need professionally and respectfully.

We ensure that carers stay the full amount of time with you so their travel time is not taken out of your visit time.

Please contact the Wakefield & Dewsbury Radfield Home Care office if you have any questions about our services or would like us to send you information about our home care fees.

Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury is Radfield Home Care franchise owned and operated under licence by Jackie Gillen and Mark Gillen, M J Gillen Ltd t/a Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury. Company number 11194230 registered in England. Registered company office: Office 1, Dickinson House, Bank Street, Ossett, England, WF5 8NW.

If you are considering a career in care then you have come to the right place.

We have put together information on our Careers pages of this website so that you can find out more about what the role of a carer is really like and read some of our own teams stories of how they joined Radfield Home Care, their experiences of working as home carers and progressing with the company.

If you feel that you have what it takes to join our team then we would love to hear from you. You can complete the form online by clicking here or you can contact the branch directly to have a chat and ask any questions that you may have.

We hope we will be welcoming you to our Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury branch very soon.

Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury is owned and operated by Jackie Gillen & Mark Gillen of M J Gillen Ltd, company number 11194230.

Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury is able to support you with a wide range of care services to help to keep you living independently at home for as long as possible. We provide all types of personal care, medication support, shopping and meal preparation, companionship and many others - see below for a more detailed list of our services:

• Washing and dressing
• Assistance in and out of bed
• Laundry and housework
• Shopping and meal preparation
• Companionship
• Medication support
• Catheter care
• Moving and handling using hoists, stand aids and other equipment
• Pressure area care
• End of life care
• Dementia and Alzheimers care
• Getting out and about
• Care through the night
• Respite care
• Rehabilitation care

Receiving home care is a very flexible way of receiving a bit of extra care and support. It can start with  as little as you need, perhaps just an hour a week to get to the shops, and can increase as care needs change.

We ensure that all of our staff are carefully selected and rigorously checked prior to being able to work with our clients. We have a very robust training and support programme to ensure that all of our carers can support you in the best possible way.

For details of the Care services that we are able to provide, please visit our Care Services pages. You can return to the Wakefield & Dewsbury branch pages at any point by selecting Wakefield & Dewsbury branch from the dropdown menu on the main picture.

Radfield Home Care Wakefield & Dewsbury is owned and operated by Jackie Gillen & Mark Gillen of M J Gillen Ltd, company number 11194230.

Husband and wife, Mark and Jackie Gillen, owners and directors of Wakefield and Dewsbury both hold a vast amount of experience in the social and supported housing sector, providing support and care for a wide range of client groups throughout their careers. They both also have previous experience working in various care organisations, caring for people with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, acquired brain injury and autism.

Directors, husband and wife Mark & Jackie Gillen, with their two sons.

Between them, Jackie and Mark have over 40 years experience working in the care and social/supported housing sector and are both highly motivated and extremely passionate about providing an outstanding home care service specialising in care for older people.

Jackie explains, “We have lived in the Wakefield and Dewsbury area for over 15 years and have two children who attend school locally and we are passionate about giving back to our local community and surrounding areas.

Directors, husband and wife Mark & Jackie Gillen, at work. being presented their Day one Poster by Vikki Donnachie.

We both enjoy working with people and have a commitment to treating people as we would want to be treated ourselves. We understand the importance of maintaining independence and choice and being empowered to live your life as you would wish in your own home and community.”

Jackie and Mark opened their branch in Ossett, near Wakefield in September 2018, and specialise in providing the highest standard of care for older people, with medication and dementia services that are second to none.

Jackie and Mark hope to welcome you as part of the Radfield family, whether as a client or carer very soon. We aim to be the best at what we do and we will strive to go the extra mile for all our clients and carers. Our office is open from 8.30am to 4 pm Monday to Friday and we are always available out of hours on the office phone number - 01924 271 394

Care in your own home in Wakefield, Dewsbury, Batley and surrounding areas

We can provide you with reliable, personalised, flexible care in your own home. Call us today on 01924 271 394 to arrange a home assessment at no charge to discuss your requirements and to answer any questions that you may have.

We are able to provide care to you in Wakefield, Dewsbury & Batley areas which are detailed below. If your area is not listed please do still get in touch as we may be able to help.

Batley, Batley Carr, Birstall, Birstall Smithies, Briestfield, Calder Grove, Carr Gate, Chapelthorpe, Chickenley, Chidswell, Clenkheaton, Cold Hiendley, Copley Hill, Crackenedge, Crigglestone, Crofton, Dewsbury, Dewsbury Moor, Drub, Durkar, East Ardsley, Eastborough, Eastmoor,Falhouse Green, Flockton, Flockton Moor, Flushdyke, Gomersal, Grange Moor, Hanging Heaton, Hartshead, Hartshead Moorside, Havercroft, Heath, Heckmondwike, Hightown, Horbury, Howden Clough, Kirklees, Kirkthorpe, Lawns, Littletown, Liversedge, Lofthouse, Lower Hopton, Lower Soothill, Middlestown, Mirfield, Moorend, Mount Pleasant, Netherton, Newmillerdam, Norristhorpe, Nostell, Notton, Ossett, Overton, Ravensthorpe, Roberttown, Robin Hood, Ryhill, Saville Town, Scholes, Sharlston Common, Shaw Cross, Soothill, Spen, Staincliffe, Stanley, Streethouse, Thornhill, Thornhill Edge, Thornhill Lees, Tingley, Upper Hopton, Wakefield, Walton, Warmfield, West Bretton, West Hardwick, Westtown, Whitley Lower, Wintersett, Woolley, Wrenthorpe.